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The first part of the authentication triad is the authentication realm. In Catalyst, it is the realm class that is responsible for answering the question Is this user who he says he is For the most part when you are asking about a given user in your Catalyst application, you are interacting with the realm object. The realm object is in many ways the central switching point for authentication. Anything to do with retrieving the user, inquiring if there is a user to retrieve, handling persistence, and so forth, all channels through the realm object. This makes the realm object very powerful and allows you to completely customize the authentication process, should you need to. (We ll touch on custom realms a bit later.) That said, however, most people never use anything but the default realm class that is distributed with the Catalyst authentication modules. That s because the default realm class has very sensible default behavior. It uses the Catalyst Session plugin to persist users across requests, and it splits the user verification process into two pieces. Before we delve too deeply into realms, it would help to see a sample of what the Catalyst authentication check looks like in its natural habitat. if ( $c->authenticate({ username => $c->req->params->{'username'}, password => $c->req->params->{'password'} }) ) { ## $c->user now contains the information related to the user } else { ## authentication failed. }

We illustrate our point about the trouble NULLs cause with EXISTS and IN queries with the reports in Listing 9-12. The queries behind the reports show two different ways to generate a list of managers. One approach uses IN; the other uses EXISTS. At face value, either approach works, and there seems to be no difference between them. Listing 9-12. Selecting all managers using IN or EXISTS select ename from employees where empno in (select mgr from employees);

Retrieved images are displayed in the Search results treeview as top-level nodes, and those redactions matching specified search criteria appear as subordinate nodes. When you click a Notes redline s icon in the Search results treeview, the image containing the redline will be displayed in Opticon, and the Notes popup dialog will appear, displaying the text embedded in the note. When you click a Text redline s icon, the image and redline will activate in Opticon, and search terms in the Text redline will be highlighted. When you click a Redaction redline s icon, the image containing the redline will be displayed in Opticon, and that redaction made active. When searching for text within redlines, you should be aware that the redline icons that appear under retrieved image nodes are only displayed if the redline text conforms to the search logic. A search for a Redaction redline containing the redaction term Redacted may locate redactions within an image, but any redaction on an image with a different term won t be displayed in the Search results treeview.

ENAME -------JONES BLAKE CLARK SCOTT KING FORD select e1ename from employees e1 where exists (select e2mgr from employees e2 where e1empno = e2mgr); ENAME -------JONES BLAKE CLARK SCOTT KING FORD As you see from Listing 9-12, the use of IN or EXISTS are equivalent in terms of results, though the actual operations are different IN builds a list of values that are used for comparison wth empno EXISTS executes the subquery for each empno and returns TRUE if the join finds a matching empno However, the two queries return the same results only because NULLs are not involved If there was a NULL empno, the EXISTS subquery would not return a record for that employee number, because a NULL empno value would not join with the NULL mgr value (NULL = NULL does not evaluate to TRUE).

You can read this code and figure out immediately what it s doing. Let s talk a bit now about how it s doing what it s doing. When you think about how to do username/password authentication, there is a pretty ingrained pattern of how to handle it. First, you look up the user being requested somewhere, and then you compare the password for the user you found with the password that was provided. Pretty straightforward, really. Catalyst s default realm class agrees, and it splits its duty across exactly those lines. A submodule called, appropriately, a user Store is used to find the user being requested, and then a submodule called a Credential (short for credential verifier) is responsible for comparing the user s credentials with those provided in the authenticate call. If a user is found, and the credentials provided match up with those required, then the user is verified and made available via $c->user.

The Advanced tab displays a list of users who have created redlines. Clicking a user name retrieves only those images that contain redlines created by that user (see Figure 12-34).