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The NOCYCLE keyword in the CONNECT BY clause is optional; however, if you omit NOCYCLE, you risk ending up in a loop. If that happens, the Oracle DBMS returns the following error message: ORA-01436: CONNECT BY loop in user data Our EMPLOYEES table doesn t contain any cyclic references, but specifying NOCYCLE never hurts. Pay special attention to the placement of the PRIOR operator. The PRIOR operator always points to the parent row. In Listing 9-19, PRIOR is placed before EMPNO, so we are able to find parent rows by starting from the MGR column value of the current row and then searching the EMPNO column values in all other rows for a match. If you put PRIOR in the wrong place, you define hierarchical relationships in the opposite direction. Just see what happens in Listing 9-19 if you change the fourth line to CONNECT BY PRIOR mgr = EMPNO or to CONNECT BY EmPnO = PRIOR MGR. At first sight, the result in Listing 9-19 is not very impressive, since you just get a list of employee names, followed by a number. And if we had omitted LEVEL from the SELECT clause, the result would have been completely trivial. However, many things happened behind the scenes. We just have not exploited the full benefits yet.

$model->storage->{$url} = $data; $self->status_created($c, location => $c->req->uri->as_string, entity => { $url => $data } ); } else { # there was an error with the web service $c->res->status(502); $c->stash( rest => { error => 'Error with the upstream web service, please retry shortly' } ); } } Next, we can start sketching out what we expect the code to do by creating some tests. Create or modify the test file in t/controller_rest.t to be as follows. Note that as HTTP::Request::Common does not export the DELETE method by default, you need to export all the methods that you re going to use in HTTP::Request::Common explicitly. use strict; use warnings; use Test::More qw/no_plan/; BEGIN { use_ok 'Catalyst::Test', 'MyCalais' } BEGIN { use_ok 'MyCalais::Controller::REST' } use HTTP::Request::Common qw/GET POST PUT DELETE/; use JSON::Any; my $j = JSON::Any->new; my $resp; my $req_data; diag 'Add a resource'; $req_data = { url => 'http://dev.catalystframework.org/snow_white'}; $resp = request( PUT '/rest', 'Content-Type' => 'application/json', Content => $j->objToJson($req_data) ); diag $resp->status_line; diag $resp->content; $req_data = { url => 'http://dev.catalystframework.org'}; $resp = request( PUT '/rest', 'Content-Type' => 'application/json', Content => $j->objToJson($req_data) ); diag $resp->status_line; diag $resp->content;

As a consequence of using START WITH and CONNECT BY, the Oracle DBMS assigns several pseudo column values to every row. Listing 9-19 showed a first example of such a pseudo column: LEVEL. You can use these pseudo column values for many purposes; for example, to filter specific rows in the WHERE clause or to enhance the readability of your results in the SELECT clause. The following are the hierarchical pseudo columns: LEVEL: The level of the row in the tree structure. CONNECT_BY_ISCYCLE: The value is 1 for each row with a child that is also a parent of the same row (that is, you have a cyclic reference); otherwise, the value is 0. CONNECT_BY_ISLEAF: The value is 1 if the row is a leaf; otherwise, the value is 0.

The date and time that an image is printed The date an image is produced The sequential number of the document being produced The time an image is produced

Listing 9-20 shows an example using the LEVEL pseudo column combined with the LPAD function, adding indentation to highlight the hierarchical query results. Listing 9-20. Enhancing Readability with the LPAD Function select from start connect lpad(' ',2*level-1)||ename as ename employees with mgr is null by nocycle prior empno = mgr;